The following list is a selected bibliography of clinical literature on the IDET procedure by year of publication:

Bryce DA, Nelson J, Glurich I, Berg RL. Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty therapy: A case series study leading to new considerations. WMJ. 2005;104:39-46.

Chou LH, Lew HL, Coelho PC, Slipman CW. Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84:538-549.

Freeman BJC, Fraser RD, Cain CMJ, Hall DJ, Chapple DCL. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: Intradiscal electrothermal therapy versus placebo for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Spine. 2005;30(21):2369-2377.

Bono CM, Iki K, Jalota A, Dawson K, Garfin SR. Temperatures within the lumbar disc and endplates during intradiscal electrothermal therapy: formulation of a predictive temperature map in relation to distance from the catheter. Spine. 2004;29(10);1124-1131.

Davis TT, Delamarter RB, Sra P, Goldstein TB. The IDET procedure for chronic discogenic low back pain. Spine. 2004;29(7):752-756.

Mekhail N, Kapural L. Intradiscal thermal annuloplasty for discogenic pain: an outcome study. Pain Practice. 2004;4(2):84-90.

Oh WS, Shim JC. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency denervation of the ramus communicans nerve for chronic discogenic low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(1): 55-60.

Pauza KJ, Howell S, Dreyfuss P, Peloza JH, Dawson K, Bogduk N. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal therapy for the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Spine J. 2004;4(1):27-35.

Webster BS, Verma S, Pransky GS. Outcome of workers’ compensation claimants with low back pain undergoing intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Spine. 2004;29(4):435-441.

An H, Boden SD, Kang J, Sandhu HS, Abdu W, Weinstein J. Emerging techniques for treatment of degenerative lumbar disc disease. Spine. 2003;28(15S);S24-S25.

Biyani A, Andersson GBJ, Chaudhary H, An HS. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a treatment option in patients with internal disc disruption. Spine. 2003;28(15S):S8-S14.

Cohen SP, Larkin T, Abdi S, Chang A, Stojanovic M. Risk factors for failure and complications of intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a pilot study. Spine. 2003;28(11):1142-1147.

Freedman BA, Cohen SP, Kuklo TR, Lehman RA, Larkin P, Giuliani JR. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) for chronic low back pain in active-duty soldiers: 2-year follow-up. Spine J. 2003;3(6): 502-509.

Freeman BJ, Walters RM, Moore RJ, Fraser RD. Does intradiscal electrothermal therapy denervate and repair experimentally induced posterolateral annular tears in an animal model? Spine. 2003;28(23): 2602-2608.

Kleinstueck FS, Diederich CJ. Nau WH, et al. Temperature and thermal dose distributions during intradiscal electrothermal therapy in the cadaveric lumbar spine. Spine. 2003;28(15):1700-1709.

Lee MS, Cooper G, Lutz, GE, Lutz C, Hong HM. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) for treatment of chronic lumbar discogenic pain: a minimum 2-year clinical outcome study. Pain Physician. 2003;6(4):443-448.

Lutz C, Lutz GE, Cooke PM. Treatment of chronic lumbar diskogenic pain with intradiskal electrothermal therapy: a prospective outcome study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:23-35.

Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Ishaque MA, Wilson LF. "Pig Tail" technique in intradiscal electrothermal therapy. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16(3):280-284.

Narvani AA, Tsiridis E, Wilson LF. High-intensity zone, intradiscal electrothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16(2):130-136.

Wetzel FT, McNally TA. Treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain with intradiskal electrothermal therapy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11:6-11.

Wong W. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET). JBR-BTR. 2003;86(5): 297-299.

Bogduk N, Karasek M. Two-year follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal anuloplasty for chronic low back pain resulting from internal disc disruption. Spine J. 2002; 2:343-350.

Cohen SP, Larkin T, Polly DW Jr. A giant herniated disc following intradiscal electrothermal therapy. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(6):537-541.

Djurasovic M, Glassman SD, Dimar JR, Johnson JR. Vertebral osteonecrosis associated with the use of intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a case report. Spine. 2002;27(13):E325-E328.

Eckel TS, Ortiz AO. Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy in the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;5(4):217-222.

Endres SM, Fiedler GA, Larson KL. Effectiveness of intradiscal electrothermal therapy in increasing function and reducing chronic low back pain in selected patients. WMJ. 2002;101(1):31-34.

Finch PM. The use of radiofrequency heat lesions in the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain. Pain Practice. 2002;2(3):235-240.

Gerszten PC, Welch WC, McGrath PM, Willis SL. A prospective outcomes study of patients undergoing intradiscal electrothermy (IDET) for chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 2002;5(4):360-364.

O’Neill CW, Kurgansky ME, Derby R, Ryan D. Disc stimulation and patterns of referred pain. Spine. 2002;27(24):2276-2781.

Saal JA, Saal JS. Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21(1):167-187

Saal JA, Saal JS. Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Spine. 2002;27(9);966-974.

Spruit M, Jacobs WC. Pain and function after intradiscal electrothermal treatment (IDET) for symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 2002;11(6):589-593.

Wetzel FT, McNally TA. New directions and interventions. Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty to treat chronic discogenic low back pain. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics. 2002;13:172-177.

Wetzel FT, McNally TA, Phillips FM. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy used to manage chronic discogenic low back pain: new directions and interventions. Spine. 2002;27(22):2621-2626.

Heary RF Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty: the IDET procedure. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2001;14(4);353-360.

Karasek M, Bogduk N. Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty: Percutaneous treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2001;5(4):130-135.

Kleinstueck FS, Diederich CJ, Nau WH, et al. Acute biomechanical and histological effects of intradiscal electrothermal therapy on human lumbar discs. Spine. 2001;26(20):2198-2207.

Lee J, Lutz GE, Campbell D, Rodeo SA, Wright T. Stability of the lumbar spine after intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(1):120-122.

McGraw, JK, Silber JS. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy for the treatment of discogenic back pain. Applied Radiology. 2001;July :1-6.

Shah RV, Lutz GE, Lee J, Doty S, Rodeo S. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a preliminary histologic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(9):1230-1237.

Slipman CW, Patel RK, Zhang L, Vresilovic E, Lenrow D, Shin C, Herzog R. Side of symptomatic annular tear and site of low back pain: is there a correlation? Spine. 2001;26(8):E165-169.

Wetzel FT, Andersson GBJ, Peloza JH et al. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) to treat discogenic low back pain: two year results of a multi-center prospective cohort study. Presented at the 16 th Annual Meeting of the North American Spine Society, November 2001. Abstract.

Cooke PM, Lutz GE. Internal disc disruption and axial back pain in the athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2000;11(4):837-865.

Derby R, Eek B, Chen Y, O’Neill C, Ryan D. Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDET): A novel approach for treating chronic discogenic back pain. Neuromodulation. 2000;3(2):82-89.

Karasek M, Bogduk N. Twelve-month follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal thermal anuloplasty for back pain due to internal disc disruption. Spine. 2000;25(20):2601-2607.

Saal JA, Saal JS. Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics. 2000; 10(4):271-281.

Saal JA, Saal JS. Intradiscal Electrothermal Treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: a prospective outcome study with minimum 1-year follow-up. Spine. 2000;25(20);2622-2627.

Saal JS, Saal JA. Management of chronic low back pain with a thermal intradiscal catheter: a preliminary report. Spine. 2000;25(3):382-388.

Yeung AT. The evolution of percutaneous spinal endoscopy and discectomy: state of the art. Mt Sinai J Med. 2000

Singh V. Intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a preliminary report. Pain Physician. 2000;3(4):367-373.Sep;67(4):327-332.

Intradiscal electrothermal therapy for chronic low back pain. Technologica. 2000:13-14. MAP (suppl).

Kennedy M. IDET: a new approach to treating lower back pain. WMJ. 1999;98(6):18-20.

Windsor RE, Gore HC. Annular denervation in chronic low back pain. Phys Med Rehab Clin N Am. 1999;13(3):625-630.

[REF: S&N Bibliography and additional papers included in professional Web site reference deck]

For more specific information on selected studies, see Clinical Studies of the IDET procedure.